What Type Of Vaccine Is Flu Shot – Imagine you are working in a high security building. It uses facial recognition technology to prevent known intrusion. It works fine until someone figures out how to use clever makeup, or at least grow a mustache to play with the cameras.
No matter how often attackers are caught, new infiltrators find new guises to help them infiltrate.
What Type Of Vaccine Is Flu Shot
This is how the immune system works, and the flu virus disrupts this recognition technology.
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It evades the body’s immune system to wreak havoc and wreak havoc, even as new vaccines update the biological equivalent of facial recognition software.
Every year a new flu vaccine is developed and released, and every year viruses develop ways to avoid them.
Influenza vaccines are never as effective as other vaccines, and the current vaccine provides only partial protection against current influenza pandemics.
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This year’s flu vaccine was only 36 percent effective, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Thursday. It was better than expected and was 59 percent effective in young children, meaning it reduced the risk of the flu getting worse enough to require medical attention by 59 percent.
A previously published Canadian study found only about 17 percent protection against H3N2, the most common strain this year, and 50 to 60 percent protection against H1N1 and influenza B strains.
The CDC says between 12,000 and 56,000 people die from the flu each year. This year is shaping up to be at the high end of this range. So far this season, 84 children have died, the CDC said Friday. Many have not been vaccinated.
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That’s why a team of scientists is working on a universal flu vaccine. The hope is to develop a formulation that recognizes something deeper than the “face” of the flu virus, something that doesn’t change from one virus to another and that doesn’t change over time.
This could lead to a flu vaccine that people would have to get once or twice in their lifetime, which would protect against new mutant strains of the virus, as well as the “deviant” strains that emerge during flu season.
A universal vaccine would also use better technology than the current most common technology, which is based on a very outdated and error-prone process, starting with chicken eggs.
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This process itself can cause the virus to mutate, recent research suggests. It also takes months and can be broken down into multiple steps.
It is virtually useless against new epidemic strains of the virus that can sweep the world in weeks or months.
“If you really want to get the flu vaccine where it belongs, hopefully we’ll never have to grow the virus,” said Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
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Some vaccines actually skip this process and are made by taking pieces of the flu virus’s genetic material and growing them in dog kidney cells or larval cells. They are made a bit faster, and some tests show they can protect better than standard flu vaccines, but they are still based on ever-changing “faces” of flu viruses and so must be updated every year. :
Viruses are small and simple. Influenza A has only 11 proteins, and only a few of them are available on the surface of the virus where the immune system can “see” them.
Flu can easily and quickly change the appearance of these surface proteins. So a better vaccine would have to go deeper and help the body’s immune system recognize the less-disguised part of the virus.
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“There are a lot of talented people working on this,” said Robert Johnson, director of the Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases Division at the Biomedical Advanced Research Development Authority (BARDA). BARDA, part of the Department of Health and Human Services, oversees and pays for research into new technologies, such as advanced flu vaccines.
Peter Pals, a microbiologist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York, has a team working on a vaccine that targets one unchanging target.
One of the most prominent surface proteins of influenza is hemagglutinin, named after the “H” influenza virus. This is the structure of the fungus, and while the “cap” of the flu fungus is easily visible and changeable, the stem is less visible and also less likely to mutate.
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Palese’s lab focuses on ways to stimulate the immune system to recognize the hemagglutinin protein stem, or stem, which is the equivalent of facial recognition technology to perfectly match the shape of a person’s face, or the distance between their eyes. .
At NIAID, Dr. Jeffery Tobenberger and his colleagues have developed a vaccine cocktail that uses heagglutinin from four different types of avian influenza virus. Why bird flu?
“The ultimate sources of pandemic flu strains are birds,” Taubenberger said. Viruses from H5N1 to H7N9 that threaten extinction are avian influenza viruses. The H1N1 virus that caused the 1918 pandemic came from birds.
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A prototype of a universal influenza vaccine. The nanoparticle is a protein scaffold (blue) and a hybrid of influenza eight hemagglutinin proteins on the surface (yellow). Hemagglutinin is specifically designed to show antibody binding sites common to all subtypes of human influenza. John Gallagher and Audrey Harris / Laboratory of Infectious Diseases
Taubenberger initially sought to create a vaccine that could be stockpiled for rapid use if an epidemic broke out. But using bird flu viruses as the basis for new vaccines has also been found to promote what is called a broad response.
Animals vaccinated with the cocktail were protected against influenza virus strains not present in the cocktail.
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How does this happen Avian flu viruses do not have the same cloaking technology used by human flu virus strains, Taubenberger said. As influenza viruses evolve and replicate in their hosts, they display sugars to hide their “faces” during the glycosylation process.
“Bird flu viruses don’t have them,” Tobenberger said. In addition, his team’s vaccine produces antibodies against the hemagglutinin stem. At least that’s how it works in mice and ferrets, animals that get the flu just like humans.
Tobenberger’s discovery made headlines in 2015, but he hit a wall that shows why vaccines take so long to develop. He developed the vaccine using virus-like particles, or VLPs. “They are empty, non-infectious viruses,” he said. They look like the envelope of a flu virus without any internal activity.
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The vaccine boosted flu immunity in mice by 100 percent. “But it turns out to be difficult and expensive to make,” Tobenberger said. “We’re sorry that it might be a little expensive.”
Expensive vaccines do not sell and do not attract pharmaceutical companies to manufacture and sell them.
So his team developed an inexpensive approach by chemically damaging the flu viruses so that they were not infectious, but still looked like the immune system’s flu viruses, and made a cocktail of them. “It looks good in mice and ferrets,” he said.
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“The only way to really evaluate this will be in humans,” he added. He is now planning to study this.
Will this vaccine be a truly universal flu vaccine that permanently protects people from all flu viruses?
“This vaccine seems to protect against serious diseases. You won’t get pneumonia, you won’t end up in the hospital, and you won’t die. You may get slightly sick for a few days and recover.” It can also limit how much you spread the virus to others, he said.
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Biologist Jason Plier prepares to test how immune cells respond to potential flu vaccines at the National Institutes of Health’s Vaccine Research Center on December 19, 2017, in Bethesda, Maryland. Carolyn Kaster / AP File.
Most of the next-generation flu vaccines are not mined for gold, but instead aim to improve seasonal flu vaccine approaches.
One vaccine that works uses one of the less mutated parts of the flu virus, called M2. The ReDee vaccine, made by FluGen, a University of Wisconsin-Madison spinoff, isn’t intended to be a completely universal vaccine, but it may better protect against a number of flu strains.
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It is a genetically engineered whole virus that causes a limited infection in the body. It’s nose diving, and phase 2 human trials are starting this year. These studies aim to show that the vaccine is safe and works as intended.
Another approach uses a pill instead of a needle. The VXA-A1.1 vaccine made by VaxArt does not use eggs, but instead uses an additional ingredient called an adjuvant to stimulate the immune system. The company recently completed a phase 2 study in people who agreed to try the pill vaccine and then were intentionally exposed to the flu. It reduced infection rates by 48 percent, not at home, but better than the 38 percent reduction in people who received the standard seasonal flu vaccine.
Canada-based Medicago uses virus-like particles that more closely match circulating flu strains. Medicago is grown in tobacco factories, which the company hopes will lead to fewer mistakes
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